Dance Functional Outcome Survey

Modern/Ballet (Bronner, S., E. Chodock, I. E. R. Urbano and T. Smith (2019); n = 198; mean age = 24.56 +/- 6.22; age range = 18-51;  dance training years = 14.92 +/- 6.55)

• Combined Healthy and Injured Groups

DFOS total: SEM = 2.31

ADL portion: SEM = 1.29

Technique portion: SEM = 1.86
 

• Healthy group
  • SEM = 0.58 - 0.86
• Injured group
  • SEM = 1.72 - 3.22

(Bronner, S., Smith, T., Brown, K., Urbano, I. R. (2016); n = 89)

• DFOS total score: SEM = 2.44
• Technique: SEM = 3.30
• ADL: SEM = 2.63

Spanish - Contemporary/Ballet (de-la-Cruz-Torres, B., I. Barrera-García-Martín, C. Romero-Morales and S. Bronner (2020); n = 89; mean age = 20.12 +/- 4.30 yrs; dance training = 11.39 +/- 5.64 yrs)

• Combined Healthy and Injured Groups

• DFOS-Sp total: SEM = 1.60
  • ADL portion: SEM = 0.92
  • Technique portion: SEM = 1.02
• Healthy Group
• SEM = 1.29-1.93
• Injured group
• SEM = 0.66-1.49

Modern/Ballet (Bronner, S., E. Chodock, I. E. R. Urbano and T. Smith (2019))

• Calculated using MDC = 1.96 x SEM x square root of 2
• MDC for Combined Healthy and Injured Groups
  • MDC = 6.40 points

Spanish - Contemporary/Ballet (de-la-Cruz-Torres, B., I. Barrera-García-Martín, C. Romero-Morales and S. Bronner (2020)

• Calculated using MDC = 1.96 x SEM x square root of 2
• MDC for Combined Healthy and Injured Groups
  • MDC = 4.43 points

Modern/Ballet (Bronner, S., E. Chodock, I. E. R. Urbano and T. Smith (2019))

• Cutoffs were 77.5 for the DFOS total score (based on sensitivity and specificity values of 0.92 and 0.82, respectively)
  • 35.5 for ADL subscore (sensitivity 0.85; specificity 0.82)
  • 43.5 for technique subscore (sensitivity 0.91;  specificity 0.81)

Spanish - Contemporary/Ballet (de-la-Cruz-Torres, B., I. Barrera-García-Martín, C. Romero-Morales and S. Bronner (2020)

• Cutoffs were 80.5 for DFOS-Sp total (sensitivity and specificity values 0.76 and 0.78, respectively)
  • 34.5 for ADL scores (sensitivity 0.76; specificity 0.74)
  • 45.5 for Technique scores (sensitivity 0.77; specificity 0.68)

Modern/Ballet (Bronner, S., E. Chodock, I. E. R. Urbano and T. Smith (2019))

• Data from 725 participants
  • Healthy dancers scored avg 85.75 +/- 5.64
  • Injured dancers scored avg 32.11 +/- 24.4

Spanish - Contemporary/Ballet (de-la-Cruz-Torres, B., I. Barrera-García-Martín, C. Romero-Morales and S. Bronner (2020))

• Data from 127 participants
  • Healthy dancers scored avg 83.34 +/- 7.66
  • Injured dancers scored avg 71.35 +/- 13.84

Modern and Ballet (Bronner, S. and I. R. Urbano (2018); n = 80; mean age = 25.69 +/- 5.49; dance training years = 14.71 +/- 6.22; Time between assessments: 4-9 days)

• High: DFOS LS v. LS (r = .99), VAS v. VAS (r = 0.94) - 16-item
  • Removal of the two back-related items (making it a 14 item questionnaire) improved technique and total score correlations and internal consistency.
  • LS v. VAS (r=0.74)

(Bronner, S., E. Chodock, I. E. R. Urbano and T. Smith (2019; n =198; 130 female, 68 male; mean ± SD age, 24.56 ± 6.22 years; range, 18–51 years; time between assessments: 4-9 days)

• Combined healthy and injured group
  • Very high test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.99)

• High healthy-group test-retest reliability of DFOS total score (ICC = 0.95), ADL (ICC = 0.89), and technique subscores (ICC = 0.92)
  • Moderate test-retest reliability specifically for rond de jambe item (ICC = 0.67)
  • SEM ranged from 0.58 to 0.86 (healthy group)
• High injured-group reliability for all DFOS scores and items
  • SEM ranged from 1.72 to 3.22 (injured group)

(Bronner, S., Smith, T., Brown, K., Urbano, I. R. (2016) Abstract only; n = 89)

• High: Total scores (r = 0.836); Technique sub-score (r = 0.803); ADL sub-score (r=0.797)

Spanish - Contemporary/Ballet (de-la-Cruz-Torres, B., I. Barrera-García-Martín, C. Romero-Morales and S. Bronner (2020); n = 89; mean age = 20.12 +/- 4.30 yrs; dance training = 11.39 +/- 5.64 yrs; time between assessments: 7-10 days)

• Combined Healthy and Injured Group
  • Very High test-retest: ICC ≥ 0.98 for DFOS-Sp total, ADL and technique scores
  • Very High item-level reliability: ICC ≥ 0.92
• Healthy group
  • High test-retest:
    • DFOS-Sp total: ICC = 0.92
    • ADL: ICC = 0.89
    • Technique: ICC = 0.91
  • High item-level reliability:
    • ICC range = 0.70-0.92
    • Moderate item-level for stairs, developpe, rond de jambe
      • ICC range = 0.66-0.69
• Injured group
  • Very high: ICC = 0.99 for all DFOS-Sp scores and item level

Modern and Ballet (Bronner, S., E. Chodock, I. E. R. Urbano and T. Smith (2019) n = 725; had professional, pre-professional, teachers/ choreographers/ directors; age = 22.51 +/- 7.02; dance training years = 13.48 +/- 7.01)

• Excellent: Cronbach’s alpha for all 14 items (0.96), 6 items within ADL portion (0.90), and 8 technique portion items (0.92)

(Bronner, S. and I. R. Urbano (2018); n = 80; Mean age was 26±5 yrs with 15±6 yrs dance training)

• Excellent: Cronbach’s alpha 0.97 for 14-item questionnaire
  • Cronbach’s alpha 0.90 for 16-item questionnaire

(Bronner, S., Smith, T., Brown, K., Urbano, I. R. (2016) Abstract only; n = 89)

• High: Cronback’s alpha (0.83) for all 14 items  

Spanish - Contemporary/Ballet (de-la-Cruz-Torres, B., I. Barrera-García-Martín, C. Romero-Morales and S. Bronner (2020); n = 89; mean age = 20.12 +/- 4.30 yrs; dance training = 11.39 +/- 5.64 yrs)

• Excellent: Cronbach’s alpha values for all 14-items (0.91, CI=0.88-0.94), 6 items within ADL (0.91), and 8 items within technique (0.91).

Concurrent Validity

Modern/Ballet (Bronner, S. and I. R. Urbano (2018))

*FAQ total score minus stiffness question; † Technique score minus 2 back items; Abbreviations: Cincinnati Knee Rating System=CinnKnee; Foot-Ankle Questionnaire=FAQ; versus=v; activities of daily living=ADL; movement=mvt

(Bronner, S., Smith, T., Brown, K., Urbano, I. R. (2016) n = 51)

• Moderate: DFOS v. SF-36 PCS (physical component); r = 0.605
• Weak: DFOS v. SF-36 MCS (mental component); r = 0.400

Modern and Ballet (Bronner, S., E. Chodock, I. E. R. Urbano and T. Smith (2019) n = 725; had professional, pre-professional, teachers/choreographers/directors; age = 22.51 +/- 7.02; dance training years = 13.48 +/- 7.01)

• Strong correlations between SF-36 PCS (physical component summary) and DFOS total score (r = 0.79) and subscores (ADL, r = 0.79; technique, r = 0.77)
   
• Weak correlations between SF-36 MCS (mental component summary) and DFOS total score (r = 0.26) and subscores (ADL, r = 0.31; technique, r = 0.26)

Spanish - Contemporary/Ballet (de-la-Cruz-Torres, B., I. Barrera-García-Martín, C. Romero-Morales and S. Bronner (2020); n= 127; mean age = 20.12 +/- 4.30 yrs; dance training = 11.39 +/- 5.64 yrs)

• Moderate Pearson correlation between SF-36 PCS (physical component summary) vs. DFOS-Sp total (r= 0.61) and subscores (ADL, r = 0.56; technique, r = 0.58)
  • Individual ADL-items vs. PCS-domains (r = 0.26-0.54)
  • Individual Technique-items vs. PCS-domains (r = 0.20-0.50)
     
• Weak to no correlations between SF-36 MSC (mental component summary) vs. DFOS-Sp total and subscores
  • Weak correlation: Individual ADL-items vs MSC-domains & Technique-items vs. MCS-domain

Modern and Ballet (Bronner, S. and I. R. Urbano (2018))

“DFOS was submitted to an expert panel of 17 dance professionals (clinicians and dancers) and a specialist in outcomes development. They assessed what body regions were best reflected, if it was user-friendly, applicable to a wide range of training levels and populations, and how dancers would respond to the test length. We revised or dropped questions if 20% or more of the experts questioned them. The remaining 16 questions were re-weighted and assigned either 0–5 or 0–10 points based on expert item ranking. A score of 100 represented maximal function, with ADL and Technique representing 40 and 60 points, respectively.”

(Bronner S, Turner R. (1999) Abstract)

“Experts in the area of dance medicine (orthopaedists and physical therapists),

dance education and research, and elite dancers reviewed the DFOS for content validity.”

Modern and Ballet (Bronner, S., E. Chodock, I. E. R. Urbano and T. Smith (2019)

• The tool does not demonstrate floor or ceiling effects.

Spanish - Contemporary/Ballet (de-la-Cruz-Torres, B., I. Barrera-García-Martín, C. Romero-Morales and S. Bronner (2020)

• The tool does not demonstrate floor or ceiling effects.

Modern and Ballet (Bronner, S., E. Chodock, I. E. R. Urbano and T. Smith (2019) n = 47; mean age = 27.60 +/- 6.26 years)

• Highly responsive in reflecting the functional status of dancers
  • scores taken when dancer was healthy, injured, discharged, and 3 months after discharge
• Excellent sensitivity for distinguishing between healthy and injured
  • AUC value of 0.94
     

Spanish - Contemporary/Ballet (de-la-Cruz-Torres, B., I. Barrera-García-Martín, C. Romero-Morales and S. Bronner (2020)

• Internal Responsiveness (n=51; 46 female, 5 male; mean age 19.12 +/- 3.02 years)
  • Highly responsive and sensitive; scores showed significant differences across time for DFOS-Sp total
    • scores were taken at injured, discharge and 3-months
    • AUC = 0.82