Bad Sobernheim Stress Questionnaire - Brace

Chinese Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: (Xu et al., 2015; n = 86; mean age = 13.5 years; idiopathic scoliosis; wearing a brace > 12 h/d for 3 months; Risser signs I-IV, Cobb angle = 20.8 to 45.8; adolescents)

• SEM for entire group: 1.14

Chinese Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: (Xu et al., 2015)

• MCD for entire group: 1.49

German Adolescents with Brace Treatment: (Botens-Helmus, Kelin, & Stephan, 2006; n = 62; mean age = 14.5 (SD = 1.66); adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, average Cobb angle of 40° (SD = 1.66), average Cobb angle in brace 27.7° (SD 20.6); German adolescents)

• Score of 0-8: “strong” stress
• Score of 9-16: “medium” stress
• Score of 17-24: “little” stress

Spanish Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: (D’Agata, Testor & Rigo, 2010; n = 35; mean age = 13 years (SD = 1.4 years); adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; wearing the Ringo System Chêneau Brace for 14 months on average; mean Cobb angle of the major curve = 35.42 degrees; Spanish adolescents)

• Average value of BSSQ: 11.7 (SD 4.8)

Polish Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: (Misterska, Głowacki, & Harasymczuk, 2009; n = 35; median age = 14.8 years old (SD = 1.5 years); idiopathic scoliosis; wearing the Cheneau brace for an average of 16.1 months (SD = 11.7) for 14.9 hours a day (SD = 3.2); mean Cobb’s angle 27.8 degrees (SD = 7.4); Polish, female adolescents)

• Questionnaires filled for first time: Median score obtained by means of the Polish version of the BSSQ-Brace was 11.3, SD = 4.7, interpreted as medium stress
• Questionnaires filled for second time: Median score was 10.9 SD = 4.6
• Median scores on the BSSQ-Brace ranged from 0.9 to 2.5
• Most patients (82%) experience high or medium stress
• 17.1% of patients reported little stress caused by wearing the brace
• 60.0% of patients reported some stress caused by wearing the brace
• 22.9% of patients reported severe stress from wearing the brace

Chinese Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: (Xu et al., 2015)

• Stress levels related to deformity and brace wearing in AIS patients under brace treatment
• Average = 13.4
• Little stress level: n = 13
• Medium stress level: n = 63
• Strong stress level n = 10
• SD: 3.6
• Max: 21
• Min: 3

Spanish Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: (D’Agata et al., 2010)

• Excellent test-retest reliability: r = 0.90, n = 32, p < 0.01, n = 32

Polish Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: (Misterska et al., 2009)

• Excellent: Cronbach's alpha = 0.82

Chinese Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: (Xu et al., 2015)

• Excellent: Cronbach's alpha = 0.80

German Adolescents with Brace Treatment: (Botens-Helmus, et al., 2006, taken at first presentation and 3 days later)

• Adequate reliability: (ICC = .88)

Turkish Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis (Yilmaz, Kuru, & Yavuzer, 2012; n = 38; mean age = 13.47 years (2.93 years); idiopathic scoliosis; mean Cobb angle = 39.05 (11.17 degrees); Turkish adolescents)

• Excellent: test-retest reliability

Analysis of the scores, collected twice one week apart:

• First collection r = 0.647 (p = 0.003)
• Second collection r = 0.978 (p = 0.001)

Spanish Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: (D’Agata et al., 2010)

• Good: Cronbach's alpha = 0.81

Polish Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: (Misterska et al., 2009)

• Excellent: Cronbach's alpha 0.80

Chinese adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis (Xu et al., 2015)

• Excellent: Cronbach's alpha = 0.80

German Adolescent with Brace Treatment: (Botens-Helmus et al., 2006)

• Excellent: Cronbach’s alpha = 0.97

*Scores higher than .90 may indicate redundancy in the scale questions

Turkish Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis (Yilmaz et al., 2012)

• Excellent: Cronbach's alpha = 0.88

Spanish Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: (D’Agata et al., 2010)

• Excellent convergent validity of BSSQ(brace).es and SRS-22 (r = 0.656, p < 0.01)
• Adequate convergent validity of BSSQ(brace).es and SRS-22 scale: Function (r = 0.43, p = 0.05)
• Adequate convergent validity of BSSQ(brace).es and SRS-22 scale: Pain subscale (r = 0.37, p = 0.05)
• Excellent convergent validity of BSSQ(brace).es and SRS-22 scale: Self Image (r = 0.60, p = 0.01)
• Adequate convergent validity of BSSQ(brace).es and SRS-22 scale: Satisfaction (r = 0.45, p = 0.05)

Chinese Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: (Xu et al., 2015)

• Adequate convergent validity of the relationship between BSSQ-Brace and SRS-22: r = 0.48
• Adequate convergent validity of function: r = 0.33
• Poor convergent validity of pain: r = 0.29
• Adequate convergent validity of self-image: r = 0.37
• Adequate convergent validity of mental health: r = 0.32

Spanish Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: (D’Agata et al., 2010)

• Excellent no floor or ceiling effects

Polish Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: (Misterska et al., 2009)

• Excellent no ceiling effect
• Adequate floor effect occurred in the second filling of the questionnaire and only applied to one patient representing 2.9% of patients

Chinese Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: (Xu et al., 2015)

• Adequate ceiling and floor effects of < 5% which indicated that items measured the extent of the problem properly

German Adolescents with Brace Treatment: (Botens-Helmus, et al., 2006)

• Excellent no ceiling effects