Purpose
The Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire – 4th Edition (PDQ-4+) is a 99-item assessment that is used to screen for DSM-IV personality disorders.
Link to Instrument
Area of Assessment
AssertivenessMental Functions
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The Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire – 4th Edition (PDQ-4+) is a 99-item assessment that is used to screen for DSM-IV personality disorders.
99
20-30 minutes
Adults
18 - 64
yearsOlder Adults
+
yearsSabria Borom
Marie Yaroch
Haley Szalewski
People in prison: (Davison et al., 2001; N = 389; median age = 31 years; United Kingdom)
Cut-off Score | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Positive predictive power (%) | Negative predictive power (%) |
20 | 89 | 72 | 86 | 78 |
25 | 75 | 74 | 85 | 61 |
50 | 26 | 100 | 100 | 41 |
Persons living in residential substance abuse treatment programs and prisons: (Guy et al., 2008; N = 1,345; Mean Age (SD) = 31.40 [6.69] years; gender = 83% men [n = 1,122], 17% women [n = 223]; race/ethnicity = 66% Caucasian [n = 869], 34% African American [n = 454], 10% Hispanic ethnicity; incarcerated = 50.4% [n = 678], substance use residential facility = 49.6% [n = 667]).
People in prison: (Green & Browne, 2019; N = 37; mean age [SD] = 33.38 [10.93] years; Men in prison; convicted of domestic violence)
53% of participants met PDQ-4+ criteria for both Antisocial Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder.
Persons living in residential substance abuse treatment programs and prisons: (Guy et al., 2008; N = 1,345; Mean Age (SD) = 31.40 [6.69] years; gender = 83% men [n = 1,122], 17% women [n = 223]; race/ethnicity = 66% Caucasian [n = 869], 34% African American [n = 454], 10% Hispanic ethnicity; incarcerated = 50.4% [n = 678], substance use residential facility = 49.6% [n = 667]).
Category |
| Mean (SD) |
Gender | Male (n = 1,122) | 8.10 (4.65) |
| Female (n = 223) | 7.38 (4.61) |
Race | Caucasian (n = 869) | 8.17 (4.70) |
| African American (n = 454) | 7.65 (4.55) |
Status | Residential (n = 667) | 8.49 (4.74) |
| Incarcerated (n = 678) | 7.48 (4.51) |
People in prison: (Green & Browne, 2019; N = 37; mean age [SD] = 33.38 [10.93] years; men in prison; convicted of domestic violence)
Persons living in residential substance abuse treatment programs and prisons: (Guy et al., 2008; N = 1,345; Mean Age (SD) = 31.40 [6.69] years; gender = 83% men [n = 1,122], 17% women [n = 223]; race/ethnicity = 66% Caucasian [n = 869], 34% African American [n = 454], 10% Hispanic ethnicity; incarcerated = 50.4% [n = 678], substance use residential facility = 49.6% [n = 667]).
The PDQ-4+ is composed of scales aimed to measure personality disorder diagnoses by using the diagnostic criteria from the DSM-IV, which contains the information required to meet each specific criterion. The test includes all of the personality disorders within the DSM-IV, the latest DSM when the PDQ-4+ was developed (Green & Browne, 2019).
Mixed Psychiatric Sample: (Fossati et al., 1998; N = 300; Mean age [SD] = 30.38 [9.16]; Gender = 59.3% female [n = 178], 40.7% male [n = 122])
Personality Disorder | FP Frequency | FN Frequency | Χ2 (1, N = 300) |
Paranoid | 92 | 7 | 71.273** |
Schizotypal | 63 | 8 | 41.070** |
Schizoid | 53 | 3 | 42.875** |
Histrionic | 54 | 15 | 20.927** |
Narcissistic | 27 | 39 | 1.833 |
Borderline | 111 | 11 | 80.336** |
Antisocial | 19 | 3 | 10.227** |
Avoidant | 141 | 3 | 130.340** |
Dependent | 62 | 3 | 51.754** |
Obsessive | 128 | 8 | 104.125** |
Passive-Ag. | 106 | 10 | 77.802** |
Depressive | 215 | 0 | 213.005** |
Any | 82 | 9 | 56.967** |
Mixed Psychiatric Sample: (Fossati et al., 1998; N = 300; Mean age [SD] = 30.38 [9.16]; Gender = 59.3% female [n = 178], 40.7% male [n = 122])
Personality Disorder | Internal Consistency (KR-20) |
Paranoid | Poor (0.65) |
Schizotypal | Poor (0.67) |
Schizoid | Poor (0.53) |
Histrionic | Poor (0.54) |
Narcissistic | Poor (0.58) |
Borderline | Poor (0.70) |
Antisocial | Poor (0.63) |
Avoidant | Adequate (0.71) |
Dependent | Adequate (0.74) |
Obsessive-compulsive | Poor (0.46) |
Passive-aggressive | Poor (0.51) |
Depressive | Poor (0.64) |
Mixed Psychiatric Sample (Fossati et al., 1998; N = 300; Mean age (SD) = 30.38 (9.16); Gender = 59.3% female [n = 178], 40.7% male [n = 122])
Personality disorder | PPM correlation between PDQ-4 and SCID-II score |
Paranoid | Adequate (.359) |
Schizotypal | Poor (.202) |
Schizoid | Poor (.193) |
Histrionic | Poor (.292) |
Narcissistic | Adequate (.417) |
Borderline | Adequate (.404) |
Antisocial | Adequate (.372) |
Avoidant | Adequate (.359) |
Dependent | Adequate (.387) |
Obsessive-Compulsive | Poor (.284) |
Passive-Aggressive | Poor (.297) |
Depressive | Poor (.208) |
Hopwood et al. found that there may be some limitations for the PDQ-4’s content validity when assessing Narcissistic Personality Disorder: “The PDQ-4 only includes a single binary item to capture each DSM-IV symptom, potentially limiting the reliability and content validity of the measure” (Hopwood et al., 2012, p. 281).
Undergraduate Students: (Fossati et al., 2004; N = 747; mean age = 22.96 [SD = 2.63] years; mean university education = 3.89 [SD = 1.97] years; gender = 64.5% female [n = 482], 35.5% male [n = 265]; Italy)
Undergraduate Students (Okada & Oltmanns, 2009; N = 203; mean age [SD] = 20 [1.1] years; 31% male [n = 63]; United States):
Personality Disorder
| ICC (Time 1 and Time 2) | ICC (Time 2 and Time 3) | ICC (Time 1 and Time 3) |
Paranoid | 0.61 | 0.84 | 0.58 |
Schizoid | 0.54 | 0.80 | 0.59 |
Schizotypal | 0.64 | 0.82 | 0.63 |
Antisocial | 0.56 | 0.85 | 0.58 |
Borderline | 0.58 | 0.87 | 0.47 |
Histrionic | 0.65 | 0.85 | 0.62 |
Narcissistic | 0.65 | 0.79 | 0.66 |
Avoidant | 0.56 | 0.81 | 0.66 |
Dependent | 0.60 | 0.84 | 0.57 |
Obsessive-Compulsive | 0.59 | 0.82 | 0.56 |
Median | 0.60 | 0.83 | 0.59 |
Undergraduate students (Ling et al., 2010; N = 4,811; China)
Personality Disorder | Test-Retest Reliability (ICC) |
Borderline | 0.83 |
Antisocial | 0.79 |
Paranoid | 0.66 |
Schizoid | 0.57 |
Undergraduate students (Ling et al., 2010; N = 4,811; China)
Personality Disorder | Cronbach’s alpha |
Antisocial | Adequate (0.74) |
Paranoid | Adequate (0.70) |
Borderline | Excellent (0.83) |
Community residents (Ling et al., 2010; age range = 18-80 years; general community residents, China)
Personality Disorder | Cronbach’s alpha |
Borderline | Adequate (0.78) |
Schizotypal | Poor (0.56) |
Predictive Validity:
Undergraduate students, China (Ling et al., 2010; N = 313):
Personality Disorder | Antipathy toward mother | Neglect by mother | Antipathy toward father | Neglect by father |
Paranoid | .155** | .010 | .169** | .022 |
Schizotypal | .242** | .214** | .227** | .240** |
Schizoid | .176** | .094** | .205** | .104** |
Antisocial | .209** | .244** | .295** | .202** |
Borderline | .268** | .156** | .269** | .185** |
Histrionic | .107** | .063 | .091** | .042 |
Narcissistic | .142** | .023 | .136** | .020 |
Avoidant | .240** | .161** | .242** | .207** |
Dependent | .204** | .152** | .211** | .162** |
Obsessive-Compulsive | .151** | .029 | .126** | .082* |
Passive-Aggressive | .185** | .087** | .185** | .102** |
Depressive | .230** | .145** | .239** | .192** |
Total score for PDQ | .332** | .200** | .339** | .214** |
Convergent Validity:
Undergraduate students (Okada & Oltmanns, 2009; N = 203; 69% female; mean age [SD] = 20 [1.1]; United States):
Personality Disorder | Pearson Correlation for agreement between SCID-IIQ and PDQ-4 |
Paranoid | Excellent (0.82) |
Schizoid | Excellent (0.73) |
Schizotypal | Excellent (0.67) |
Borderline | Excellent (0.78) |
Histrionic | Adequate (0.58) |
Narcissistic | Excellent (0.74) |
Avoidant | Excellent (0.76) |
Dependent | Excellent (0.68) |
Obsessive-Compulsive | Excellent (0.65) |
Median | Excellent (0.73) |
Abdin, E., Koh, K. G., Subramaniam, M., Guo, M.-E., Leo, T., Teo, C., … Chong, S. A. (2011). Validity of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire—4 (PDQ-4) among Mentally Ill Prison Inmates in Singapore. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(6), 834–841. doi: 10.1521/pedi.2011.25.6.834
Davison, S., Leese, M., & Taylor, P. J. (2001). Examination of the Screening Properties of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire 4 (PDQ-4 ) in a Prison Population. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15(2), 180–194. doi: 10.1521/pedi.15.2.180.19212
Fossati, A., Barratt, E. S., Carretta, I., Leonardi, B., Grazioli, F., & Maffei, C. (2004). Predicting borderline and antisocial personality disorder features in nonclinical subjects using measures of impulsivity and aggressiveness. Psychiatry Research, 125, 161–170. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2003.12.001
Fossati, A., Maffei, C., Bagnato, M., Donati, D., Donini, M., Fiorilli, M., … Ansoldi, M. (1998). Brief Communication: Criterion Validity of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4 ) in a Mixed Psychiatric Sample. Journal of Personality Disorders, 12(2), 172–178. doi: 10.1521/pedi.1998.12.2.172
Green, K., & Browne, K. (2019). Personality Disorder Traits, Trauma, and Risk in Perpetrators of Domestic Violence. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 64(2-3), 147–166. doi: 10.1177/0306624x19826516
Guy, L. S., Poythress, N. G., Douglas, K. S., Skeem, J. L., & Edens, J. F. (2008). Correspondence between self-report and interview-based assessments of antisocial personality disorder. Psychological Assessment, 20(1), 47–54. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.20.1.47
Hopwood, C. J., Donnellan, M. B., Ackerman, R. A., Thomas, K. M., Morey, L. C., & Skodol, A. E. (2013). The validity of the personality diagnostic questionnaire–4 narcissistic personality disorder scale for assessing pathological grandiosity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(3), 274–283. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2012.732637
Hyler, S. E. (1994). Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+ (PDQ-4+) [Database record]. APA PsycTests.
Ling, H., Qian, M.-Y., & Yang, B.-J. (2010). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the personality diagnostic questionnaire-4 : A study with Chinese college students. Social Behavior and Personality, 38(3), 311–320. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2010.38.3.311
Okada, M., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2009). Comparison of Three Self-Report Measures of Personality Pathology. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31(4), 358–367. doi: 10.1007/s10862-009-9130-8
Order the PDQ-4. (n.d.) The official website of the PDQ-4. http://www.pdq4.com/Order.html
PDQ Computer Assisted. (n.d.). Steven E. Hyler’s home page. http://www.columbia.edu/~seh5/SEH1.html
Pilkonis, P. (2019, January 3). Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-IV (PDQ-IV) - Personality Studies. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/35842/
Reus, R. J. M. D., Berg, J. F. V. D., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2011). Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire 4 is not Useful as a Screener in Clinical Practice. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20(1), 49–54. doi: 10.1002/cpp.766
The Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2020, from http://www.columbia.edu/~seh5/pdq1.html
We have reviewed more than 500 instruments for use with a number of diagnoses including stroke, spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury among several others.